How Does A Bill Become A Law - 765 Words

How does a bill become a law? There are quite a number of steps in order for a bill to become a law. A bill is a legislative proposal that must be passed by House, Senate, and the President in order to become a law. Once an idea for a bill is written and well developed, any member of Congress can make an official introduction. There are two types of bills; public that deals with matters of the general public, and private which is specific to an individual or an organization. These often relate to naturalization issues and immigration. Afterwards, the committee takes action, debates the bill, and votes. Based on their actions the bill will be referred to Senate and sent to the President. After all these are done, the bill will either become†¦show more content†¦The bill is referred to a committee where they will have a hearing, most bills theoretically â€Å"die† from either being declined by the subcommittee or the full committee. Very rarely, a bill can be revived by a discharge petition, a petition signed by all two hundred and eighteen members of House that forces a bill onto the floor to be considered. The congressional committee goes over any issues, makes necessary markups, and reports are made to the full committee. The bill can later be declined entirely or the full committee will accept the actions of the subcommittee. In the event a bill is strongly favored by the committee the Congress leaders have a floor debate. â€Å"Major bills must first go to the Rules Committee, which decides where bills will appear on the legislation calendar and the terms under which bills will be debated by the House† (Greenberg, 351). Specific rules include; the nature of the amendments, how much time can be spent debating, and a number if necessary. The committee has the power to have a â€Å"closed ruling† which allows for a yes or no vote. In a floor debate, the Senate determines the final form of the bill also, â€Å"The threat of a hold or a filibuster means that the minority in Senate plays an important role in determining the final step of legislation† (Greenberg, 352). After this step, the members of the chamber either vote once the bill has been reported or after the amendments have been added. OnceShow MoreRelatedHow Does A Bill Become A Law Within The Us Political System?869 Words   |  4 PagesHow does a Bill become a Law within the US political system? Each time a bill is sent to become a law it always becomes a hasseling process where if an individual really wants it he or she will fight for it. This process can take months or even years to even come close to finishing, sometimes the bill at the end isn t entirely what it originally was. Like everywhere in the world if a person or group wishes to get something done, connections are the easiest path to achieve what one wants. By connectionsRead MoreEssay On How A Bill Becomes A Law889 Words   |  4 PagesHow a Bill Becomes a Law After studying this chapter about all the steps required for a bill to become a law, I can see why many times you hear the general populace complain that it seems like nothing gets done. Even though the process seems arduous, I think it is wise to fine tune something that will become a law so that it has maximum effect without infringing on people’s rights. When trying to decide the best way to explain the process, I thought about a bill that for me personally would be aRead MoreTrace The Pathway Of A Bill Essay1394 Words   |  6 PagesTrace the pathway of a bill through both houses of congress. The process in which a bill becomes a law can be a lengthy one, it must go through many steps in order to become the law of the land. It is believed that this process should be a matter that every American citizen should be informed of in order to fully understand and appreciate the inner workings of congress with regard to The House of Representatives and the Senate. The steps in which a bill becomes a law is an example of the democraticRead MoreEssay On How A Bill Become A Law1000 Words   |  4 Pages How A Bill Become A Law What is a bill? A bill is proposed laws and lawmaking being thought about carefully by a government. A bill does not become law until it is passed by the government and, in most cases, approved by the executive. Once a bill has been put into law it is called an act of the government, or a law. Before a law is made it has to be passed through both House of congresses. Laws begin as ideas. These ideas may come from a Representative--or from a person who lawfullyRead More Making a Bill a Law: The Federal Legislative Process715 Words   |  3 Pagesfederal law passed takes more steps than a state or local law. A member of Congress must first introduce the bill. After the bill is introduced to Congress it is then referred to a committee or multiple committees. The committee that the bill is referred to depends on what committee has jurisdiction over the primary issue of the bill (Steps in Making a Bill a Law: The Federal Legislative Process). Sometimes the bill is referred to a subcommittee first. According to, â€Å"Steps in Making a Bill a Law: TheRead MoreThe Law-Making Process900 Words   |  4 Pages Laws are the foundation of our society, they keep citizens safe and preserve our individual freedoms. Before a law is enacted it must start out as a bill. Each bill has an extensive process it must go through to become a law of the United Stat es of America. This process of approval ensures that those three different parts of government agree on the bill before it becomes a law. In order to become law, a bill needs to be approved by the House of Representatives, the Senate, and the President of theRead MoreThe Legislative Process : How A Bill Becomes A Law?737 Words   |  3 PagesHow a Bill Becomes a Law A bill is an idea that is made to make a difference about a specific issue. A bill cannot become a law until the legislative process is complete and the bill is approved. The legislative process can be lengthy because there are several steps the bill must go through for it to become a law. The four broad steps of a bill becoming a law is introduction, committee review, floor debate and passage, and finally presidential approval. Although the process is lengthy, it is wellRead MoreThe U.s. Constitution Of The United States868 Words   |  4 Pageswork of how we run our country, and the processes we must go through to make our country strong and intact. When it comes to the steps that must be followed in passing a bill into law, the Constitution of the United States tells us in Article 1 Section 7 the appropriate steps to get this accomplished. The legwork and the approval process can be quite lengthy to get a bill passed into law, as it must go through certain stages before it can become official. To get a better idea of how a bill gets passedRead More How Political Ideologies Shape Our Nation Essay1212 Words   |  5 PagesJack Sheldon’s, â€Å"How a Bill Becomes a Law† is lacking in several different ways. Not that the jingle doesn’t give you some sort of semblance of how a law is made. It just doesn’t give a detail account of the entire procedure. Very little is mentioned of how a bill is introduced to the House or the Senate. Legislation is handed to the clerk of the House or placed in the hopper. In the Senate, members must gain recognition of the presiding officer to announce the introduction of a bill during the morningRead MoreEssay On How A Bill Becomes A Law743 Words   |  3 Pages How a bill becomes law is not as easy as expected. In my paper it is important for me to explain the basics which are a total of ten steps a bill have to take before it become a law. First, a bill is originated from an idea, then it is proposed and introduce d to the house of representatives. The bill is then reviewed and then it gets debated on the floor where if it passes will be received by the senate. The senate then proceeds with further review of the bill and after reviewing it, and then it

Culture of Trinidad Essay - 1145 Words

Culture of Trinidad According to the encyclopedia, culture is defined as â€Å"The totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought [www.wikipedia.com].† In Trinidad these particular aspects are very distinct to the peoples daily lives on the island. The diversity of actual cultures and ethnicities on the island has melted together over the centuries to create a Trinidadian culture of its own. There are influences from almost every part of the world including, India, China, the United States, Lebanon, Spain, Britian, Africa, and cultures native the Caribbean. Religion is one the most important aspects defining culture. There is no one dominant faith on the†¦show more content†¦These African religions are extremely important to many who wish to recognize their â€Å"roots.† In earlier centuries these â€Å"foreign† practices were banned by slaves attempting to hold on to their culture, and over the years they have come to represent a sense of liberation and freedom to be African (Brereton, A History of Modern Trinidad). Overall nowadays the countrys differing religious groups coexist and generally respect each others beliefs and practices. People of one faith openly participate in celebrations of another faith [www.state.gov.htm]. Food is another obvious way to demonstrate the diversity of culture in Trinidad. As are the people, food is influenced by almost every part of the world. There dishes traditional to the Caribbean, prepared with products naturally found on the island. There are dishes with influences from the Spanish conquistadors with their meats and different fruits, also the Indian immigration brought curry flavors and dishes to Trinidad. A very well known Indian dish on the island is roti, which consists of flat bread wrapped around a spicy stew of meat, potatoes, and vegetables. The English, French and Dutch brought large-scale cultivation of sugarcane. Initially the Caribs diet consisted of meats such as guinea pig, alligator, fish, iguana and turtle. Cassava, pineapple and cashews are native to Trinidad as well. The Spanish arriving on the island were intrigued by this method ofShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Caribbean Festivals Essay995 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluence of African culture, carnivals in the Caribbean took on its own form. It can be understood that the modern carnival was born out of colonialism and eventually freedom. According to Julia Hewitt: In the Caribbean, carnival as a mode of performing resistance, carries the memory of repression and sacrifice, but also of hope, in a sense of becoming other. It is believed that the first Caribbean festival started on the island of Trinidad and Tobago during the 18th century. From Trinidad and Tobago,Read More I Will be an Agent for Social Change Essay1107 Words   |  5 Pagesbackground, and desire to discover a new area of service, I want to volunteer in Trinidad at a halfway house for battered women and children. Having immigrated to the United States from Trinidad as a young child, I have grown up aware of the economic and educational advantages Americans have over their foreign neighbors. I feel that the role of a public servant should not just end at our own borders. As a place for service, Trinidad not only link s my cultural past, but serves as a bridge to my racial historyRead MoreCaribbean Culture Is Affected By Migration1334 Words   |  6 Pages Caribbean culture is affected greatly by migration. The foundation of Caribbean culture was based on the forced migration of African people, indentured east-Indian workers, the migration and colonization’s of European powers like the Spanish, British, and French. The history of each island is individually different but they all share the foundation of a syncretism for development each nation’s culture. Over time how individuals would migrate from country to country has changed a lot, especiallyRead MoreBirth And Evolution Of Trinidad Carnival1461 Words   |  6 PagesBeginning in the late 1700s, the festival known as Carnival was introduced to various parts of the world as a public celebration or parade that involved the use of masks, musical elements, costumes and more. Dating back to the 18th century, the Trinidad Carnival was introduced around the time of the arrival of the French Catholic planters from the French West Indies. The festival originated in the early 17 80s when both white and colored people staged masquerade balls at Christmas time for entertainmentRead MoreEssay about Trinidad and Tobago1701 Words   |  7 PagesTrinidad and Tobago The beaches here give me a sense of what heaven would be like. As I walk in the pure white sand, I compare it to the white clouds of heaven. While looking out into the water, I cannot tell the where the Caribbean Sea begins and the clear blue sky ends. Continuing to walk along the beach I come across two tall palm trees that grow over each other, creating an arch; that is my gate to heaven. The ebb and flow of the small waves creates a soothing rhythm as I continue to walkRead MoreCaribbean Carnival : History, Performance And Resistance1296 Words   |  6 Pagescommunity building and commitment to reviving lost art forms such as wire-bending and costume-making. However, in order to understand independent mas in contemporary Carnival one must look to the history of and unpack the conception â€Å"traditional† mas in Trinidad. In her article, â€Å"The Invention of Traditional Mas and the Politics of Gender†, Pamela R. Franco challenges the notion of â€Å"traditional† mas, which is characterized by males performing â€Å"authentic† roles such as the Midnight Robber, the Moko JumbieRead MoreCedula of Population in Trinidad1138 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿The Cedula Population of 1783 Cedula seemed to have laid the foundation for the development and growth of Trinidad’s social and economic structure. It was used to attract immigrants to the island. True colonization of Trinidad did not begin until the end of the 18th century, when the Spanish King acted on the advice of a French planter then the historic Cedula of Population was issued. In 1977 it was Phillip Rose Roume de Saint- Laurent a member of an aristocratic French family who helped in buildingRead MoreMusic in the Caribbean1264 Words   |  6 Pagesmany different types of music out there and different performing artists these artists are looking for ways to make money by becoming popular. Music in the Caribbean was first developed by the Neo Indians around 1600 the Neo Indians died taken their culture and music. Music then reemerged when the African slaves came to the Caribbean. The type of music the Africans brought was both lively and entertaining. The slaves found a rhythm in everything they did from cutting cane to taking care of the homesRead MoreExploring The Alienation Theme Of V.s. Naipaul s A House For Mr. 1365 Words   |  6 Pagestraditionally marginalized by aesthetic ideology of white European males or females. Instead of more attention to canon, cultural studies examine works by minority working ethnic groups and post-colonial writer, and the products of the folks, urban and mass culture, Popular literature, soaps, opera, rocks, rap music, cartoons, professionals, wrestling, food etc.----all within the domain of cultural criticism. I am focusing on it particularly as it concerns questioning the ways western cultural tradition expressedRead MoreDevelopi ng Policies Of Trinidad And Tobago1674 Words   |  7 PagesAs I look at the developing policies of Trinidad and Tobago which embraces access to quality education. I found these document which supports our vision, the STRATEGIC PLAN OF THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, (MOE), (2002-2006). And MINISTRY OF EDU-CATION, EDUCATION POLICY PAPER (1993 - 2003). In the past Trinidad and Tobago has had equity and equality issues (UNESCO, 2003) these were the developing policy that embraces access to equality education for all. And in these documents the government is focusing

Most criminologists use a legal definition of crime Free Essays

string(47) " also affect criminal rate of a certain place\." Crime is an action or an instance of negligence that is deemed injurious to the public welfare or morals or to the interests of the state and that is legally prohibited. It is a criminal activity that engaged in fights and riots. These definitions connote negative impact to crime and as what it always does to human minds. We will write a custom essay sample on Most criminologists use a legal definition of crime or any similar topic only for you Order Now Stereotyping will always apply every time people encounter the word crime as dangerous, harmful and destructive to humankind and the state. Sociologists define it as deviant act, non-conforming to society’s standard and violating all the rules that the state set up. Thus every act that does not conforms or follows the society’s standards are all considered crime and doers are criminals. Simple violations like way walking, loitering, over speeding, and making noise that disturbs the public are all considered crimes because it violates the society’s rules. To the extent that simple offender will easily be judge as criminal, thus given sanction and punished before the law, no matter how big or small the case was, as long as he/she committed violations punishment, is still given to him/her. Human law or society set standard are said to be righteous thus to be tag on and respected by all. All human kinds are abided to conform the said rules and standard. Acts, which are not set as correct by the state standards, are all crime and sin according to society’s laws. Violators of such are therefore tagged as criminal and thus sin committers. Every rules have corresponding sanctions, thus violators are subject to punishment base on how destructive and offensive the crime may be to people and to the state. Not all people in a state or society are all aware the rules to abide in their respective society. Many were punished without knowing what offenses they are committing or what violation they do. In addition, many are not conscious to policy and sanctions to the said laws. Thus, offenders effortlessly surrender their selves to avoid any possible trouble of non-conformance. With these, Australia New Zealand Policing Support Agency (ANZPSA) was established to give policy support, strategic advice, research, knowledge management and information giving out capacity across jurisdictions. This represents a momentous change in approach that involves the union of functions. An implementation team has been established too to commence the practical arrangements for the creation of the new organization. This agency was created to investigate possible causes of offenses, and possibly give massive information on how to avoid and handle crimes that may occur. This includes, thorough analysis of a certain case, its implications and root cause why such crime/offenses arise. There are many crimes reported everyday throughout the country. Each one needs a kin and careful investigation because authority cannot easily accuse the suspect as guilty without proper jurisdiction. Cases are being study, offenders are questioned; his/her family background, his/her status and the reason behind his offenses are also investigated. If suspect is proven guilty before the law, sanctions and punishments are given. This punishment varies from case to case bases, which are also set together with the rules and standard of a certain community. There are also violations that need not to punish right away. Offenders are usually given warnings or let be pay for a certain amount. Mostly are jaywalkers and loiterers. Crimes may vary from country to country, depending on how such country set its norm. According to National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) U.S most common committed crimes are gang crime, hate crime, organized crime, property crime, trafficking in persons, public offenses and drug crime, (http://www.acpr.gov.au/). Drug crime as the most common offenses committed anywhere; cause so much damage that resulted to other related crimes. Drug and alcohol crime are offenses that involve many related crime doers. These include the user and the pusher. User may led to addiction which may caused him/her to do acts which are not set as standards to the society as a whole, like theft, rape, and robbery that resulted to public disturbance and destructions. Crime involving drugs is most rampant violation that every one encounters, because drugs is present anywhere people go. Most people have access to it; even young ones can afford to hand it due to simple and easy to have resources. The Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring program (ADAM) deals the level of drug and alcohol use in risky population of people. They are designed to investigate on how do arrestees use the drugs, how frequent they use how they obtain it and what push them to do so. These data’s are collected either thru personal interview with the arrestees and careful observations. Dosage of offenders’ intake is also measured thru test and urinalysis. Investigations always occur during the arrest and not later than 48 hours to make documentation for proper reporting and study to come up a correct and accurate report on what alcohol and drugs are commonly abused and the effect it cause to the user and to the public. Crime as a deviant behavior said to violate a prevailing norms especially cultural standard that dictates people on how to behave well and what someone should avoid to do, (Berger, 1963). This view consider the complicated facts surrounding the definition of crime and seeks to understand how changing social political, psychological and economic conditions may affect the current definition of crime and the form of legal law enforcement. Crime perception may change from time to time. This changes depends on the cultural shift of one society also, which affects the criminal statistics rates of the state as well. Socio-economic status of one place plays a role in crime rate also. For example, in a drastically losing its resources country/society may affect the attitude of the people to crave for food for living especially if there is scarcity of its supply in their respective community. Scarcity of jobs will also affect criminal rate of a certain place. You read "Most criminologists use a legal definition of crime" in category "Essay examples" Absence may lead people to commit some expected job-less related crime like theft and robbery. If one place is in famine or less job opportunities, it is expected that crime will also rise. On the other hand, if the state is in good economic standing, crime rate will also lessen. Economic change and cultural shift determines the allocation of resources for the enforcement of law, and influences public opinion. In addition, changes in criminal rate will also affect on how the public think and perceived crime. Such adjustments, allied with the experience of people in their everyday lives, shape attitude to the extent to which the law should be used to enforce any particular social norms. There are many ways that behavior can control without having to resort criminal justice system, in those cases where there were no clear consensus on the given norm. The use of the criminal law by the group of authority to prohibit a particular action maybe considered improper for the others. Crime as called deviant act will also have a corresponding punishments attach to it. Every person involve is given an equivalent sanction to the crime committed. In such a way that the said criminal be stop and further damage to the public and to the state can then be avoided, because the state or the authority believes that allowing any crime to occur without doing any action is just like letting harms to spread without any preventing or stopping device to control it. This process involves criminalisation, with the involvement of the state as the authority to control the said crimes. It is a crime reduction device restricting individual liberty to minimize harm to others. Though every citizen has the right to liberty but not all liberty is harm-free to others. Because hat maybe considered crime to the others may not be crime for the other party. Criminalisation may provide future harm reduction even after the occurrence of crime, assuming that those act are more likely to cause further damage in the future. Criminalisation is intended for the crime doers to pay their crime offenses to stop the act at the early stage to prevent and minimize criminals. In this case criminalisation is a way to set the reward that criminals must have after committing certain evil action that are considered threat to the peacefulness of the society as a whole. In addition; criminalisation can be viewed as a state sanctioned to the crime doers. Because I personally believed that once a person is not aware of his deeds, whether he/she already caused damage to the others will continuously patronage his/her action if not being reprimanded of his wrong doings. In this sense, sanctions must be something that could make evildoers awake then, if not he/she more likely to repeat the said action again and again. Crime rate is measured to determine the number or crime incidence happen in that particular place. In order to compare on what specific year and month that crime rate rise and fall, so that the public has the idea when to be more careful and not as well as to be more familiar with the places where crime rate is high. Countries and societies have different methods in measuring crime rate. Some used survey, personal interviews and sample sampling. In Australia, they use fact and figures to gather and determine the occurrence of crime, which come from a variety of sources. They use two types of collection data. Namely, administrative and survey method. Both types of information needed to help our comprehension of the level and effects of crime to the people and in the community. The sources they use with these issues are listed in the reference for future retrieval and comparison. Administrative collection for criminal justice agencies keep record of their work process and progress related to crime in different stages. Criminal cases are being divided into different agencies to handle with in order for it to be carefully tackle. In addition, public has the idea on what agency to look for in looking for a particular crime. For example police keep incidents record, court record the details of cases and their disposition and correction agencies have details of the offenders and their corresponding charges. Most crime information come from administrative collections which tackle the whole population that come into contact with the criminal justice system and remain stable in terms of data collection and sources for the long period of time. There are limitations on spreading of the said data, including comparison across agencies and jurisdictions. For example police record details about offenses, courts record cases and correction agencies for the information about individuals’ prisoners. Although improvement arises in workflow of the said data sources, data definitions and collecting method used are not always the same across jurisdiction and recording quality maybe vary. It takes time to come up with an agreement at a national level on the key issue including definitions of new and arising violations. More detailed and close likely to accurate information about crime and justice is often available at the jurisdictional level, even when it is not possible to come up with national statistics. Not all crime is reported to police. Thus not all crimes were record and collected information then. Unreported crimes usually occur at rural areas where people do not have enough access to authority. Minor crimes like theft, sexual assaults, and minor incidence are the usual crime that is most commonly unreported. Twenty percent of crime related to sexual assaults is believed to be unreported and almost ninety five percent for motor vehicle thefts incidence. This is the reason why other sources of data collection use the method of asking questions to the public in order to come up with the highest and lowest common answers. These answers are then recorded in a similarly uniform way so that the information they provide is reliable and comparable. Crime surveys are believed to produce more accurate vision of actual crime rate in a particular society. Although survey is said to be more accurate than the others there is still possibilities of error with regard of its percentage, due to small sample population involved. But percentage of errors is also being recorded in order to determine the error. Crime brought negative connotation to individuals’ perception and thinking, based on how the state or society label it as such also. The imposed and practice rules and regulation culturally embraced society, because society has its norms and standard to follow. Doing the opposite to the said norms is therefore considered deviant. Thus doers are labeled as shame to the family where she/he belongs and to the community as a whole. These are labeled as such because the society set it as such also, and the people therefore are obliged to observe and follow the norms being an occupant of the society. Therefore, people committing such deviant acts are subject to face and suffer before the law. The consistent problem has been to justify the society’s use of force to coerce with its law. Natural law theory posits that the standard of morality are derived from or constructed by the nature of the world or of human beings. Thomas Aquinas said: â€Å" the law and measure of human acts is the reason which is the first principle of human acts.†(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/crime. Since people are by nature rational beings, it is morally appropriate that they should behave in a way that conforms to their rational being. Thus any law must conform to natural law and coercing people to conform to that law is morally acceptable. Every human actions deal always with morality. The problem may arise if ones moral act which is set his/her nature may not be moral to the others, which probably came from other society whose moral value are not the same. Thus crime may also result to. But in dealing with these issues both parties involve must understand and know each others moral value to compromise to possibly eradicate the arising trouble, as well as the authority who have the power to weigh and decide it all. Majority of natural law theorist accepts that the primary function of the law is to enforce the prevailing morality. The problem with this is that it makes any moral criticism, if conformity with natural law is necessary conditions for legal validity. It s always necessary for the existing law to be just and fair to all individuals in a society. Equal treatment and punishment must be given to offenders regardless of their ethnicity, status and socio-economic standing. The law may be acceptable but the use of state power to citizens to comply with that law is not morally justified. Crime may be characterized as the violation of individual rights. Since right are considered as natural and crime as a man-made labeling. Therefore crime is also natural. Perfect example for this is that man’s nature is to look for food for survival, and he must take some actions on how to get his/her basic needs. In remote areas for example most people get their food anywhere they want and with any method they knew. Some cultivate food in their own, using the land they found regardless of the ownership of the said land. Whether it owns by the state or by other people. With this scenario, in natural moral aspect the act is right and legal because the nature dictates man to have food to survive. On the other hand, human implemented law states that it is illegal and criminal because of using the land which is own by the other people. It is invasion of property if the society law calls it. In this case, the man, which is just doing things that is for him legal, will be hold and question by the state before the law. Natural theory therefore distinguishes between criminality, which is derived from human nature, and illegality, which is derived from the interest of those in power. This view leads to a seemingly paradox that an act can be illegal that is no crime, while criminal act could be perfectly legal. Reference: Books: Berger, Peter. (1963). Introduction to Sociology, Doubleday and Co., Inc. New York. Dostoevsky, Fryodor. (1981). Crime and Punishment, Bantam Books. New York. Feinberg, Joel. (1973). Social Philosophy, Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs. New Jersey. Halt, William. (1973). Social Control, Rinehart and Winston Inc. Forth Worth. Hess, Beth. (1976). Sociology, Prentice Hall. New York. Hudson, Helen. (1985). Criminal Trespass, G.P. Putnam’s sons. New York. Lerry G. Lao-Valdez. et.al. (2005). Introduction to Literature: A Book Of Reading†, Julbert Press. Department of English, College OF Arts Social Sciences, MSU,   IIT, Iligan   City. Sanchez, Custodiosa. (1997). Contemporary Social Problems and Issues, National Bookstores. Manila.    Internet: Australasian Centre for Policing Research (http://www.acpr.gov.au/) Australian Legal Information Institute (http://www.austlii.edu.au (legal resources Crime. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Australia) Crime meaning. (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/crime) Criminality. (http://www.crimelibrary.com) Law Enforcement Links http://www.leolinks.com/ (viewed 19 April 2006) National Criminal Justice reference Service (http://www.ncjrs.org)       How to cite Most criminologists use a legal definition of crime, Essay examples

Implementation of the Iparking System-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Development of Information Technology in Intelligent Parking. Answer: Introduction The application that is taken in this literature review is intelligent parking system. The parking system is made with the emerging intelligent sensors, which helps to make the system more efficient. The parking problem has increased in all the places where people need to park their cars, and the parking in now a days has become a nuisance. According to Chen et al. (2016) parking management is considered as a crucial task because of the increasing number of vehicles and less amount of parking space. In this literature review, four papers are analyzed which gives a detailed study of the Intelligent parking system. Key Concepts In one of the paper, the parking system that is described uses the magnetic sensor. The cost of magnetic sensors is less compared to other sensors. The size of the magnetic sensors is also much less than other sensors. In another paper, the system has four components including the sensor nodes, user interface, router and a server (Zheng et al. 2015). There are many detection method as well that are elaborated in the paper. To implement the iParking system, authors uses 3-axis digital compass IC HMC5883L that is low in cost and gives the accurate reading. Comparison The three papers describes different types of implementation of the iParking system. In one of the article taken, there are different types of layer known as detection layer, access layer, convergence layer an after passing through all those layers, the data is passed to the database. The network type can be of two types, public network and cable network. In one of the article chosen for study, use case diagram and class diagram that illustrates the details of the parking system. The methods that are described are very accurate and cost effective (Thai-Nghe and Chi-Ngon 2014). In an article, different types of algorithms are defined to spot the parking that are mostly based on ATDA algorithm (Adaptive Threshold Detection Algorithm). The cloud service and the IoT services are also used by the automatic parking system for storing the data and devices that are used (Dhar and Gupta 2016). The fourth paper designs a parking system which is based on the principle of MQTT communication prot ocol. Conclusion From the above analysis, it can be stated that the system of automatic parking or iParking has changed the process of conventional parking. The accuracy of the models that are described in the papers is about 95.88 % to about 99 %. In future, to make the system much more better, the accuracy of the systems can be increased and also the systems can be made fully automatic References Chen, N., Wang, L., Jia, L., Dong, H. and Li, H., 2016. Parking Survey Made Efficient in Intelligent Parking Systems.Procedia engineering,137, pp.487-495. Dhar, P. and Gupta, P., 2016, September. Intelligent parking Cloud services based on IoT using MQTT protocol. InAutomatic Control and Dynamic Optimization Techniques (ICACDOT), International Conference on(pp. 30-34). IEEE. Thai-Nghe, N. and Chi-Ngon, N., 2014, December. An approach for building an intelligent parking support system. InProceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Information and Communication Technology(pp. 192-201). ACM. Zheng, D., Zhang, X., Shu, Y., Fang, C., Cheng, P. and Chen, J., 2015, April. iParking: An intelligent parking system for large parking lots. InComputer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS), 2015 IEEE Conference on(pp. 37-38). IEEE.