History Paper Burial Practices Essay Example for Free

History Paper Burial Practices Essay The idea of life following death existed among numerous old civic establishments. It was met as a method of understanding the present or as an approach to anticipate the future relying upon their requirements. All things considered, so as to clarify the obscure marvel that affected their every day life, early clans considered normal to be as basic as the downpour and the breezes or birth and demise and respected them to be constrained by heavenly powers identified with the divine beings, devils, the moon, the sun or other outer main thrusts. Antiquated individuals looked for assurance for endurance and capacity to keep up request with the clans by rehearsing ceremonies which were intended to summon the soul of the perished. Be that as it may, as human advancements developed with time, their convictions turned out to be progressively intricate and significant. Take old Romans and Egyptians for example, the two of them had confidence in the great beyond and had comparative hidden thoughts; all things considered, their approach to set up the expired for the following life and burial service administrations varied from numerous points of view. To show their practices, I have picked two relics showed at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (Met): a final resting place from Ancient Egypt and a cinerary urn from Ancient Roman’s times. The two pieces reflect various methods of rewarding the bodies of their perished and set up the dead for the excursion to existence in the wake of death which without a doubt was a long and expounded process. Old Romans and Egyptians showed their firm conviction in eternity through grave memorial service administrations and internment ceremonies. Not at all like the Egyptians who cherished the dead bodies and safeguarded them in stone casket or final resting places, Romans incinerated the dead bodies and kept the remains in urns since they saw the life in physical world to be short and transitory. At the point when an individual passed on, the soul was discharged from the body and ventured out to life following death. The main motivation behind the physical body was to have the spirit for a period sufficiently long to set one up to carry on with an actual existence liberated from enduring in the other world. Spirits were sent to better places contingent upon the degree of sins and wrongdoings submitted against society during the time individuals remained in the human world. In any case, the enduring in the other world would end in the long run. Romans’ memorial service ceremonies typically included washing the carcass, laying it level on a couch or bed, and dressing it with the best garments that individual had ever had. A coin would then be put under the tongue or on the eyes with the goal that he could pay the â€Å"ferryman Charon† for paddling im to the place where there is the dead. The marble urn I saw at the Met dated from mid first †second century A. D. was utilized to put the remains of the perished after the body was incinerated. As time passed by, they came to comprehend that the disintegration of the body was unavoidable and the physical body was just a brief host of the spirit. This bit of antique gave proof that in old Romans’ perspective, the rema ining parts of the physical body must be deteriorated all together for the spirit to start another life. It is sensible to presume that Romans respected incinerating the body of the dead as a normally quicker approach to start the life in the other world than moderate deterioration of the body. Then again, Egyptians accepted that the person’s physical body was in excess of a brief host and it needed to stay flawless, a condition important to accomplish life following death. In addition, they mulled over the possibility that an individual was the blend of a few components, for example, the â€Å"ba†, which was the non physical piece of the individual and the â€Å"ka† which was a general power shared by all. Besides, so as to save the bodies, Egyptians built up a long and laborious procedure called preservation. This training requires a few stages, for example, the evacuation of the cerebrum and inward organs and the cleaning of the body’s holes with various oils and arrangements. When done, the body was laid to dry for over a month. In spite of the fact that these means were essential for the protection of the body, it was additionally accepted that the progress procedure to life following death proceeds with the weighing of the heart. Egyptians accepted that so as to pick up their approach to endlessness one’s heart must be as light as a quill. This organ was not expelled from the body and was left to be weighted by Anubis, the memorial service god and Thoth, the lord of information. In that capacity, it is accepted that one’s heart is set on a scale and weigh against a plume. On the off chance that the scale is adjusted, the perished is considered to have carried out beneficial things in the current life and the divine beings would concede them everlasting status. At the point when the preservation procedure is done the saved body is put in a final resting place as the one showed at the Met, Gallery 112. This final resting place, from Egypt Middle Kingdom time was made for an all around regarded and rich person. The advanced improvement mirrors the various leveled social differentiation in this specific culture. All in all, however both old Romans and Egyptians had faith in the great beyond, they rewarded the cadavers and rehearsed memorial service ceremonies in an unexpected way. These for the most part came about because of their separate impression of how the human life was identified with existence in the wake of death just as the significance to the physical body. By watching the two antiques showed at the Met, I’ve found that Egyptians set more accentuation on the social class of the perished by putting on impressive enhancements on the final resting places and stone casket than the Romans did on their urns. This distinction mirrors the center of Roman’s old culture which agreed with Greek’s thought of popular government by advancing a general public structure with a less unbending pecking order.

Traditional Monoclonal Antibodies and Recombinant Antibodies

Conventional Monoclonal Antibodies and Recombinant Antibodies Presentation: Counter acting agent is an uncommon particle that present in our bodies to battle against diseases and animate insusceptible reaction. Run of the mill neutralizer is a Y molded atom comprises of two H (overwhelming) and two (light) chains. Two antigen-restricting pieces (Fabs) are connected with a steady district (Fc)(Brekke and Sandlie 2003). After the revelation of murine monoclonal antibodies delivered by hybridoma cells created by Kohlor and Milstein(Kohler and Milstein 1975), the job of monoclonal antibodies in therapeutics and clinical diagnostics are progressively significant over the most recent three decades (Laffly and Sodoyer 2005). The term monoclonal immune response is characterized as an immunizer atom which is monospecific and gotten from a solitary B cell clone. Results in utilizing completely murine monoclonal antibodies in therapeutics are not perfect and issues excited in activating undesirable human invulnerable reactions. These issues power the age of recombinant antibodies in the substitution of conventional monoclonal antibodies. Customized recombinant antibodies sections increment adaptability both in immunotherapy and immunodiagnostics. The use of insignificant type of useful antibodies single-chain antibodies (scFvs) are the most well known type of recombinant antibodies pieces as indicative operators (Hagemeyer et al. 2009). In this task, the correlation between customary monoclonal antibodies and recombinant antibodies as therapeutics operators and diagnostics instruments will be talked about. From the case of disaster TGN 1412, the potential danger of utilizing recombinant antibodies in helpful specialists ought not be disregarded. At long last, future point of view of recombinant antibodies in quality treatment and utilizing polyclonal antibodies as novel immunotherapeutic technique will be examined. Hypothetically, presumably any sort of monoclonal antibodies can be created with the guide of hybridoma procedure. The nonstop culture of hybridoma cells makes a limitless gracefully of monoclonal antibodies in the research facilities by cell culture or rodent(Nelson, Reynolds et al. 2000). Its exceptionally particularity, strength and homogeneity are perfect for diagnostics and in helpful purposes. After the presentation of the principal FDA affirmed drugs OKT3 propelled into the market in 1986, the aftereffects of utilizing completely murine monoclonal antibodies in human was not promising (Chatenoud, Baudrihaye et al. 1986; Chatenoud, Jonker et al. 1986). This is on the grounds that murine began monoclonal antibodies set off a few immunogenic reactions in human body. One of the issues emerge is human enemy of mouse antibodies (HAMA) or hostile to globulin antibodies (HAGA) reaction (DeNardo, Bradt et al. 2003; Presta 2006) created against the administrated murine antibodies. Studi es demonstrated that around 30-75% of patients with strong tumors and backslid B-cell malignancies created HAMA reaction after introduction to murine antibodies (Smith, Nelson et al. 2004; Majidi, Barar et al. 2009). The initiation of HAMA reaction is chiefly because of the host antibodies created against the idiotopes of the managed murine antibodies. Besides, fast leeway of murine Abs abbreviates its serum half-life and generally incapable to trigger cytotoxic impact (for example ADCC and CDC) contrasted with human antibodies upset murine Abs as therapeutics specialists (Presta 2006). In light of the above uncertain issues, with the guide of hereditary designing, murine monoclonal antibodies are changed to turn out to be less immunogenic and improve power in therapeutics and diagnostics. Three distinct kinds of recombinant antibodies are created: fanciful, adapted and human immune response. In chimerization, the murine variable area is intertwined with the human consistent locale framing fanciful antibodies(Presta 2006). This adjustment emulates the human insusceptible framework. Albeit illusory antibodies is less immunogenic yet may trigger human enemy of fanciful neutralizer reactions (HACA)(Baert, Noman et al. 2003). Further development strategy is acculturation (hyperchimeric). In this method, just the complementarity deciding areas (CDRs) from the murine counter acting agent was joined into a human consistent and variable locales (Smith, Nelson et al. 2004). By reemerging, reshaping and hyperchimerisation of hyperchimeric counter acting agent, the immunizer r estricting fondness improved. Despite the fact that the above strategies limit immunogenicity, yet invulnerable reaction aftereffect of xenografting may happen. At last, human antibodies can be created by transgenic mice and in vitro combinatorial libraries (Brekke and Loset 2003; Brekke and Sandlie 2003; Presta 2006). Antibodies which produced under this strategy are relied upon to be indistinguishable from human antibodies with clinical noteworthy with no reactions. One of the models in combinatorial library approach for the choice of antibodies is by phage show innovation in which counter acting agent factors area are communicated as combination protein as covered on the outside of the bacteriophages. Under combinatorial library draws near and transgenic mice, the possibility of getting completely human antibodies are higher when contrasted with hybridoma and illusory counter acting agent innovations. Likewise, single-chain variable piece (scFv) and Fab part can be secluded (Brek ke and Loset 2003; Brekke and Sandlie 2003). Therapeutics application Fc divide in an unblemished counter acting agent trigger effector work which is unwanted for remedial applications. Thusly, for an attractive antibodies plan for cytokine inactivation or receptor blockage, the primary contemplations of counter acting agent configuration are: size, tissue entrance, appropriation, half-life, effector work, liking, solidness and immunogenicity. scFv and Fab pieces are favored as decision of inclination when contrasted with conventional antibodies due to littlest in size, high restricting proclivity, particularity, great tissue infiltration and diminishing immunogenicity due to HAMA reaction. scFv and Fab antibodies have a shorter half-life than entire antibodies and this downside can be overwhelmed by PEGylation. Furthermore, the connection of PEGylation of murine monoclonal counter acting agent decreases HAMA reaction of the host after administration(Laffly and Sodoyer 2005). Utilizations of monoclonal antibodies are immeasurably utilized in restorative specialists (for example treatment of disease) and in clinical demonstrative (for example histopathological finding). Acculturated mAbs (transgenic mice) (reemerging, reshaping and hyperchimerisation, and so forth) Phage show innovation (Fabs and Fvs) As of late MAbs have become significant business reagents, and at present add to over 30% of biopharmaceuticals being developed and creation. Until this point in time, 10 distinctive MAbs have accomplished FDA endorsement, with others in stage III trials.4 Applications Immune response conjugates (Majidi, Barar et al. 2009) Unconjugated mAbs (Majidi, Barar et al. 2009) rAbs for malignant growth treatment immunohistology hereditary immunotherapy(Pelegrin, Gros et al. 2004) scFv for diagnostics devices (size, immunosensor, hindrance of imnflammation and supplement framework) (Hagemeyer, von Zur Muhlen et al. 2009) Issues polyclonal versus monoclonal therapeutics (Haurum 2006) TGN1412 episode (Self and Thompson 2006) References: Baert, F., M. Noman, et al. (2003). Impact of immunogenicity on the drawn out adequacy of infliximab in Crohns infection. N Engl J Med 348(7): 601-608. Brekke, O. H. also, G. A. Loset (2003). New innovations in remedial counter acting agent improvement. Curr Opin Pharmacol 3(5): 544-550. Brekke, O. H. also, I. Sandlie (2003). Restorative antibodies for human sicknesses at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2(1): 52-62. Chatenoud, L., M. F. Baudrihaye, et al. (1986). Limitation of the human in vivo resistant reaction against the mouse monoclonal counter acting agent OKT3. J Immunol 137(3): 830-838. Chatenoud, L., M. Jonker, et al. (1986). The human resistant reaction to the OKT3 monoclonal counter acting agent is oligoclonal. Science 232(4756): 1406-1408. DeNardo, G. L., B. M. Bradt, et al. (2003). Human antiglobulin reaction to remote antibodies: restorative advantage? Malignancy Immunol Immunother 52(5): 309-316. Hagemeyer, C. E., C. von Zur Muhlen, et al. (2009). Single-chain antibodies as demonstrative apparatuses and remedial specialists. Thromb Haemost 101(6): 1012-1019. Haurum, J. S. (2006). Recombinant polyclonal antibodies: the up and coming age of immune response therapeutics? Medication Discov Today 11(13-14): 655-660. Kohler, G. furthermore, C. Milstein (1975). Persistent societies of melded cells discharging neutralizer of predefined particularity. Nature 256(5517): 495-497. Laffly, E. furthermore, R. Sodoyer (2005). Monoclonal and recombinant antibodies, 30 years after. Murmur Antibodies 14(1-2): 33-55. Majidi, J., J. Barar, et al. (2009). Target treatment of malignant growth: usage of monoclonal antibodies and nanobodies. Murmur Antibodies 18(3): 81-100. Nelson, P. N., G. M. Reynolds, et al. (2000). Monoclonal antibodies. Mol Pathol 53(3): 111-117. Pelegrin, M., L. Gros, et al. (2004). Monoclonal neutralizer based hereditary immunotherapy. Curr Gene Ther 4(3): 347-356. Presta, L. G. (2006). Building of remedial antibodies to limit immunogenicity and streamline work. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 58(5-6): 640-656. Self, C. H. furthermore, S. Thompson (2006). How explicit are remedial monoclonal antibodies? Lancet 367(9516): 1038-1039. Smith, K. A., P. N. Nelson, et al. (2004). Demystifiedrecombinant antibodies. J Clin Pathol 57(9): 912-917.

Finding heritage at MIT

Finding heritage at MIT Ive been thinking about certain things a lot lately. I attribute this in part to Rush, in part to a slightly larger-than-usual number of crufty alums being around in the last serveral days, in part to various other things going on which I will not bother to ennumerate here. The point is, its funny how if you have major changes in your life, like going to college, they not only bring you what you expected (sometimes) but also what you didnt. I knew, of course, that MIT students got to pick where they lived, more or less. I thought that was cool. But I didnt have any way of knowing what it meant for me, or what it would come to mean to me. I was always sort of a rootless kid. Im a jumble of ethnicities, none of which has a prominent role in my psyche. I enjoyed or didnt enjoy the grade schools I was in to varying degrees, but I never felt entrenched in them maybe high school a little bit, but only to the degree that I wouldnt have wanted to switch high schools, since leaving it at graduation was pretty painless. My family doesnt have roots anywhere weve lived (my stepdad and stepbrother have, but not the rest of us), like some people do, with many generations living in the same place and it becoming a part of ones identity. I love my neighborhood back in Kentucky, and its culture, but not in the sense of knowing much about its history or being part of any sort of tradition within it, except maybe the politically-liberal-in-a-red-state part. Its probably the closest thing I had to really being part of a culture, but its not quite there. How strange that I came to college, of all places, to find a cultural identity, and a cultural heritage. It wasnt something I did purposefully, or expected to happen. But when I came here, I ended up on 5th East, a place with a decades-old culture that is itself part of the larger twinkie/hacker/builder/destroyer/geek culture that encompasses the connecting and overlapping social circles of many halls of East Campus, Random Hall, Senior Haus, a couple of FSILGs, and scattered others. Some hear me talk about the cruft (socially involved alums), and think its abnormal that people who have already graduated would hang out with college kids. I dont think its abnormal. My reply to those people is, do your parents, or the other adults you know, not have friends who are more than a couple of years younger or older than them? My dad plays trivia with a group of buddies who range from their early 30s to around 60. How is it any weirder that some of my friends are in their late 20s, or even their 30s? Or that theyd want to hang out with us after coming home from work or lab, or invite us to their houses to hang out? They have plenty in common, interest-wise and personality-wise, with us, and where but in the MIT community are they going to be able to LARP (or a regular basis, not just at Cons) or act in amateur musical theater shows or write Linux tools for fun or whatever it is thats unusual that they do? I think its the normal case thats more disturbing. You go to college, supposedly become part of this campus community that administrators everywhere harp on, and then four years later you just leave and its never part of your life again and the people who come after you have no sense of what happened before they came? The other day, one of our new freshmen was moving into her room, which happened to be a room with a history and not only that, but evidence of that history on the walls. The story is bizarre and not terribly positive, but its interesting and lots of people who are still around remember it. I told her the story as she moved in, and she was really interested, and thought it was cool that there was significance and history in her room. A lot of the rooms on hall contain history, history thats passed on through stories. People sit around in the hall and tell stories, or they sit around in a cruft house in Somerville and tell stories, and its Oh yeah, so-and-so started [moderately famous company] on his computer in that room and So-and-so lived in that room when he went crazy and [famous tragedy] happened there and Parts of Kerberos were developed in that lounge and [famous hack] was built in that room and [bizarre stuff-of-legends social politics event] happened there. I know my room has at least one interesting back-in-the-day story connected with it, and probably others. Storytelling is a great tradition here, and its a major way that cultural heritage is offered and received. Theres old half-true legends that get told to freshmen by people who were little kids, if that, when the events that inspired them actually happened. Theres the more personal stories that happened to the storytellers or people they knew. No matter what sort they are, theres stories. And the neat thing is, the repertoire of stories isnt static. Because the current students create new stories all the time. There are new charismatic personalities, new hacks, new budding entrepreneurs, new feuds, new triumphs and tragedies. I can listen to cruft tell stories for hours, but sometimes Im the one telling them the storiesor telling the stories, old and new, to younger students. I like knowing that Im making new stories, new parts of the history. It reinforces the good feelings that come with success and achievement. And it helps you get through rough times knowing that, even if theres no other good to come from them, at least theyll make good stories someday. The cultural identity, the cultural heritage, that I have here is a major motive for my work in student government. I was never a student government person in grade school, now Im a major figure. As I write this, Im listening to the Jesus Christ Superstar soundtrack. In general, Im not a fan of the character Simon, who talks the talk more than anyone but seems happy to let someone else do the work (funny how everyone knows a Simon). But I can relate to him in the moment that he sings We will win ourselves a home. Because thats how I feel when I really get going, only Im preserving and fostering more than winning. And not just for myself, but for the future students who will come to MIT. And hear the stories, and become the next storymakers and storytellers. The idea for this entry came to me a few days ago, somewhere in the midst of listening to a story told by someone who graduated when the current freshmen were in middle school. I hope youve enjoyed reading it.

The Best Small Business Tax Tips And Deductions - 1486 Words

The Best Small Business Tax Tips and Deductions The Best Small Business Tax Tips and Deductions Small-to-medium-sized businesses can target a wealth of business opportunities in today s global markets, but many business owners and entrepreneurs fail to consider one of the greatest sources of real-world income available to them. Developing a proactive tax strategy and taking advantage of all your business deductions generate incredible profits that businesses or owners can use for any purpose. Unlike the proceeds of gross sales and even gross profits, the money that your business saves on taxes is the purest form of profit. Other income isn t necessarily available for spending or investing until the taxes are paid. Clever business owners†¦show more content†¦Taking Home Office Deduction The home office deduction is available to many SMB owners who work out of their homes exclusively or routinely meet clients and work at home. You can deduct a percentage of your home that s used exclusively for business and the same percentage of most of your household expenses like repairs, utilities, routine maintenance, insurance, mortgage interest, property taxes, rent, office supplies and many other costs. You can deduct actual expenses or take the recently approved standard deduction for home offices. Hiring Family Members Hiring family members is one of the most effective ways for business owners to reduce taxes and keep more of their wealth in the family. Employees can qualify for tax-free benefits, and your children can earn up to $6,200 tax-free. This money can be placed in a Roth IRA, which can be used to buy a home or pay for college. Children also qualify for lower tax rates on the income that they earn. Most business owners have real jobs around the office that family members can do; it s just a matter of matching the right child with the right job. Contributions to HSAs, providing health insurance and other employee benefits also keep your business income in the family without paying taxes. Reporting Actual vehicle Expenses The standard mileage rate has its appeal, but you could be

Define Marriage Essay - 1840 Words

Name: Chunxian Huang How might we usefully define marriage in universal cross cultural terms? Marriage, which is one of the most vital relationships of human beings, is a bewildering subject in people’s lives because it is hard to define, especially in the cross cultural terms. Cross cultural, according to the fourth edition of the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (2000), is defined as â€Å"the interaction of differing cultures, or a comparison†. This means that people in cross cultural terms may need to find ways to respect other cultures. In such case, people have chances to understand the other civilization, to make acquaintances with people from multifarious†¦show more content†¦States Lucile (1977:64), â€Å"one very significant norm in our society holds that marriage is a permanent union with exclusive sex rights†. In other words, marriage enables people to have sex with their spouses stably rather than being blamed for having sex activities with others. Therefore, people have more stable and legal sexual relationship i n marriage than others. An example of this point is that usually sex is associated with marriage for the Nuer in Sudan and they play sexual games to imitate the daily life of marriage (Evans, 1990). This means that for the Nuer, stable sexual relationship is vital for their marriages. According to Opperheimer (1990), sexual relationships need stability and marriage provides the necessary stability. Therefore, it is reasonable to believe that the stability of sexual relationship is one of the vital factors for marriage thus people can define marriage from the perspective of stability. Moreover, the social factors of marriage are family responsibilities and relationship in a family or between families. In Lucile (1977)’s opinion, â€Å"parenthood is usually expected to follow marriage†. Some people get married because they need to undertake the duties of procreation for their clan. In China, as an old saying goes, â€Å"There are three ways to be unfilial, the worst is not to produce offspring† (Mencius, 372-289B.C). It shows that the stability of the reproduction of families was very important.Show MoreRelatedWhat Does It Truly Mean? Essay1151 Words   |  5 Pages What is marriage? What does it truly mean? For me personally, marriage is best defined as a legal act of love between two people who vow to be as one until death do them part. It is a special day of celebrating an everlasting union between two people and their families. It is a life long commitment. It is loyalty, security, trust, and respect. Marriage is forever. To help me better define the meaning of the word †marriage†, I looked it up in several dictionaries. To my surprise, not one includedRead MoreDefinition Essay Marriage838 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is the Definition of Marriage? What is the definition of marriage? 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Robotization of Human Workforce Free Essays

The Robotization of a Human Workforce Job satisfaction has been defined as â€Å"a pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job or job experiences. † It lists two different formulas for calculating job satisfaction: the Value Percept Theory, and the Job Characteristics Theory. This paper discusses the former and how it relates to Foxconn and its CEO, Terry Guo, whom writers Balfour and Culpan describe as a â€Å"ruthless taskmaster. We will write a custom essay sample on Robotization of Human Workforce or any similar topic only for you Order Now † The Value Percept Theory is essentially the workers’ WIIFM (What’s In It For Me) paradigm, describing how certain job elements affect employee satisfaction, and the ramifications of that satisfaction. It focuses on eight specific categories of employee values: how the salary compares to other employees in the same line of work; the frequency with which qualified people are promoted; supervisors’ conduct and recognition of employee efforts; the enjoyability and qualifications of co-workers; The â€Å"psychological pay† derived from the work itself, described by the text on page 106 as including â€Å"utilization of ability, freedom and independence, intellectual stimulation, creative expression, (and) sense of achievement†; to what extent the work has a positive impact on society; the level of prestige associated with the job; and the safety and comfort afforded on the job. Most people base their job satisfaction on five of those eight criteria. The magazine article discusses Chairman Gou’s business philosophy and response to twelve employee suicides during the first few months of last year. According to the authors, Gou realized there was a problem after the ninth employee jumped to his death from one of the company’s ubiquitous, crowded dormitories. Gou responded by stringing netting around the exterior of the dormitories at second-floor level and set up a 24-hour employee hotline. He also gave employees a 30% pay raise and promised another salary bump during 2011 – principally due to pressure by one of his biggest customers, Apple. These measures were almost certain to reduce the number of employees who sought their own demise by jumping from their dormitory windows – provided they did not land on one of the steel support braces – but it failed to address the real problem of why so many people became despondent enough to end their own lives. The reasons seem clear, using the Value Percept Theory. Among the top five job â€Å"satisfaction facets,† the rate of pay is lowest on the list. Far more important to most workers, according to figure 4-2 in the text, are the work itself and the conduct of supervisors. With respect to those two facets, interviews with employees were telling. One employee stated that supervisors and managers â€Å"aren’t nice to people,† and a spokesman for China Labour Bulletin, which seeks to uphold the rights of Chinese workers (clb. org), characterizes Foxconn as â€Å"repressive. † Another employee explained the high levels of stress she suffers while performing repetitive tasks that require intense concentration. Though Gou places little value on a college education, he would do well to read our textbook. How to cite Robotization of Human Workforce, Papers

Reality in Jean Genet’s ‘the Balcony’ Essay Essay Example

Reality in Jean Genet’s ‘the Balcony’ Essay Essay Jean Genet’s Le Balcon ( or The Balcony ) is an absurdist drama in which the chief construction is the â€Å"philosophical conflict between semblance and reality† ( Savona 1983: 76 ) and this essay will look into some of the degrees of world within an absurdist and existential philosopher context in Genet’s drama. The drama itself â€Å"offers a stunningly theatrical geographic expedition of the relationship between phantasy and reality† ( Patterson 2005: 32 ) whilst besides seeking â€Å"to negate world itself† ( Innes 2001: 438 ) . Whilst besides trying to transform world into a fantasy universe in which its characters can get away the discouragement of day-to-day life. it is â€Å"also designed to be a moving drama which†¦ keeps the audience aware that it is a play† they are watching and non leting them to acquire lost in the universe of semblance. phantasy and desire that the characters are trapped in ( Reck 1962: 23 ) . This echoes a technique used as portion of Brecht’s Verfremdungseffekt. and by maintaining the witness at a critical distance. they become perceivers and therefore can larn something about their ain lives and the universe in which they live. We will write a custom essay sample on Reality in Jean Genet’s ‘the Balcony’ Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Reality in Jean Genet’s ‘the Balcony’ Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Reality in Jean Genet’s ‘the Balcony’ Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The drama is set in Madame Irma’s Maison d’illusions ( or house of semblances ) which to the witness is clearly a whorehouse. but non a whorehouse in the conventional sense. In the whorehouse. work forces of mundane walks of life ( for illustration a pipe fitter ) act out sexual phantasies with the adult females that work at that place. Their sexual phantasies are by no agencies conventional either. for illustration the ‘clients’ of the whorehouses take on the character of powerful work forces. viz. a bishop. an executioner. a justice and a general. From the expounding of the drama. it is ill-defined that the bishop isn’t really a bishop as the costume. duologue and action of the bishop are wholly reliable aside from the fact that the powerful characters â€Å"tower over all the other histrions every bit good as the audience† ( McMahon 1963: 110 ) . This is visually unrealistic and takes the witness off from pragmatism right from the oncoming. yet somehow pull them into this universe of semblance. The sexual Acts of the Apostless were intended by Genet to incorporate significance and non to be realistic. They are merely projections. a series of images of adult male trapped in a hall of mirrors. non trying to convey naturalism in the slightest ( McMahon 1963: 176 ) and the characters’ â€Å"performance becomes contemplations of reflections† ( Innes 2001: 438 ) . As Esslin provinces in his The Theatre of the Absurd. â€Å"there are no characters in the conventional sense†¦merely the images of basic impulses and impulses† ( Esslin 2001: 22 ) . Image is of cardinal importance in the drama ; it is everything â€Å"for the deeper one moves into images the less danger there will be of reality’s coming back to oppugn the veracity of the images† ( McMahon 1963: 162 ) . One of the cardinal subjects of the drama is the flight from world. and as T. S Eliot wrote â€Å"human sort can non bear much reality† ( 1964: 69 ) . one of the cardinal messages Genet is seeking to portray in his drama. There is a strong sense of the histrion unifying with the character in The Balcony ( Savona 1983: 86 ) . or the character unifying with the phantasy characters they attempt to portray in the whorehouse. or characters they so long to be. even for merely an hr or so. This unauthentic relationship between world and phantasy reflects human nature and life itself – we have all at some point aspired. or even wished that we could be person else. person with power or regard. However as McMahon suggests â€Å"there is no aspiration within the motive of these people to be bishop. justice or general ; the bound of their aspirations knows its scope. and the cutting off point†¦is the thin line between pretension and reality† ( 1963: 160 ) . The drama takes a bend when the clients of the whorehouse are forced to take on the characters they are feigning to be for existent. It is at this point that the semblance is destroyed and the work forces of mundane life no longer want the functions they are playing. For them. the functions are now excessively realistic and there is no flight from them – the relationship between world and phantasy has become reliable. When the characters are moving out their functions in the existent universe. they are no longer comforted by their imaginativeness ; they are faced with the rough world of life. the one thing that they have sought to get away in the first topographic point. This is reinforced by the fact the characters are loath to help the head of constabulary and be â€Å"dragged from their dream universe into the abrasiveness and dangers of reality† ( Thody 1970: 186-187 ) . The revolution outside can be seen as a symbol of existent life. â€Å"Were it non for the revolution. the assorted characters could go on to play their games in the enclosed a-historical ambiance provided for them†¦but the revolution is at that place. and threatens at any minute to destruct their universe of semblance completely† ( Thody 1970: 179 ) . During the drama. assorted sounds of gunshot can be heard in the background of the scenes – A menace from the existent universe outside reminding the characters they have tried to get away life and whilst this may be successful for the hr they are in the whorehouse. existent life is still traveling out outdoors. â€Å"Machine gun fire efforts to sabotage the thaumaturgy of semblance created and reflects Brecht’s distancing effect† ( Savona 1983: 89 ) . Once once more Genet forces the witness to retrieve that they are watching a drama. but besides when we all hide behind the frontage of life. or seek and get away world. the existent universe is still really much at big in the background and we can’t ignore this! â€Å"The subject of semblance reaches its flood tide at the very terminal of the action. when Madame Irma comes to the forepart of the phase to remind the audience that they have. after all. merely been watching a play† ( Thody 1970: 185 ) . The witness is all of a sudden brought back to ‘the existent word’ holding witnessed histrions playing characters. characters playing characters. characters playing people. The audience has taken the journey through Madam Irma’s ‘house of illusions’ . and has been presented with a theatrical projection of humanity through many planes of world. She tells the audience â€Å"you must now travel place. where everything – you can be rather certain – will be falser than here†¦You must now go† ( Genet 1966: 96 ) . She has highlighted that as worlds we have a inclination to conceal behind the frontage of life. to travel along with what we are told and what we see. therefore taking life for granted. We so think back to the characters in the drama and gain how they are merely projections of ourselves. â€Å"Genet proclaims the semblance of world and the world of illusion† ( Nelson 1963: 61 ) . For the witness and the characters â€Å"reality has become indiscernible from illusion† ( Nelson 1963: 65 ) and the audience must inquire themselves where does reality stop and pretension Begins. BIBLIOGRAPHY Eliot. T. S. . Murder in the Cathedral ( Fort Washington PA: Harvest Books. 1964 ) Esslin. Martin. The Theatre of the Absurd. 3rd Edition ( London: Metheun. 2001 ) . Genet. Jean. The Balcony ( New York: Grove Press. 1966 ) Innes. Christopher. ‘Theatre After Two World Wars’ . in The Oxford Illustrated History of the Theatre. erectile dysfunction. by John Russell Brown ( Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001 ) . pp. 380-444. Macquarrie. John. Existentialism ( Baltimore: Pelican Books. 1972 ) McMahon. Joseph H. . The Imagination of Jean Genet ( New Haven: Yale University Press. 1963 ) Nelson. Banjamin. ‘The Balcony and Parisian Existentialism’ . The Tulane Drama Review. 7:3 ( 1963 ) . 60-79. Oswald. Laura. Jean Genet and the Semiotics of Performance ( Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 1989 ) Patterson. Michael. The Oxford Dictionary of Plays ( Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2005 ) Reck. Rima Drell. ‘Appearance and Reality in Genet’s Le Balcon’ . The New Dramatists. 29:1 ( 1962 ) . 20-25. Savona. Jeannette L. . Jean Genet ( London and Basingstoke: The Macmillan Press. 1983 ) Styan. J. L. . The English Stage ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1996 ) Thody. Philip. Jean Genet: A Survey of His Novels and Plays ( New York: Stein and Day. 1970 ) .

Proper Disposal of Batteries

Proper Disposal of Batteries Today’s common household batteries - those ubiquitous AAs, AAAs, Cs, Ds, and 9-volts from Duracell, Energizer, and others - are not thought to pose as great a threat to properly equipped modern landfills as they used to because they contain much less mercury than their predecessors. As a result, most municipalities now recommend simply throwing such batteries away with your trash. Common household batteries are also called alkaline batteries; the chemical type is important in choosing proper disposal options. Battery Disposal or Recycling? Nevertheless, environmentally concerned consumers might feel better recycling such batteries anyway, as they still do contain trace amounts of mercury and other potentially toxic stuff. Some municipalities will accept these batteries (as well as older, more toxic ones) at household hazardous waste facilities, from which they will most likely be sent elsewhere to be processed and recycled as components in new batteries, or incinerated in a dedicated hazardous waste processing facility. How to Recycle Batteries Other options abound, such as the mail-order service, Battery Solutions, which will recycle your spent batteries at a low cost, calculated by the pound. Meanwhile, the national chain, Batteries Plus, is happy to take back disposable batteries for recycling at any of its 255 retail stores coast-to-coast. Older Batteries Should Always Be Recycled Consumers should note that any old batteries they may find buried in their closets that were made before 1997- when Congress mandated a widespread mercury phase-out in batteries of all types- should most surely be recycled and not discarded with the trash, as they may contain as much as 10 times the mercury of newer versions. Check with your municipality; they may have a program for this type of waste, such as a yearly hazardous waste drop off day. Lithium batteries, these small, round ones used for hearing aids, watches, and car key fobs, are toxic and should not be thrown in the trash. Treat them like you would any other household hazardous waste. Car batteries are recyclable, and in fact are quite valuable. Auto part stores will gladly take them back, and so will many residential waste transfer stations. The Problem of Rechargeable Batteries Perhaps of greater concern nowadays is what’s happening to spent rechargeable batteries from cell phones, laptops, and other portable electronic equipment. Such items contain potentially toxic heavy metals sealed up inside, and if thrown out with the regular garbage can jeopardize the environmental integrity of both landfills and incinerator emissions. Luckily, the battery industry sponsors the operations of the Rechargeable Battery Recycling Corporation (RBRC), which facilitates the collection of used rechargeable batteries in an industry-wide â€Å"take back† program for recycling. Your big-box hardware store chain (like Home Depot and Lowes) likely has a booth where you can drop off rechargeable batteries for recycling. Additional Battery Recycling Options Consumers can help by limiting their electronics purchases to items that carry the RBRC logo on their packaging. Furthermore, they can find out where to drop off old rechargeable batteries (and even old cell phones) by checking RBRC’s website. Also, many electronics stores will take back rechargeable batteries and deliver them to RBRC free-of-charge,  check with your favorite retailer. RBRC then processes the batteries via a thermal recovery technology that reclaims metals such as nickel, iron, cadmium, lead, and cobalt, repurposing them for use in new batteries.

The Complete Guide to Conic Sections on ACT Math

The Complete Guide to Conic Sections on ACT Math SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You will usually see one conic section question (though no more than one) on any given ACT, but just what is a conic section and how do you solve it? Luckily for us, though conic section questions are rare, they are generally straightforward and can get you an easy point if you take a few minutes to study them. This will be your complete guide to conic sections- what they are, how you'll see them on the test, and the best way to approach these types of ACT math questions. What Are Conic Sections? A conic section is any intersection of a cone (a three dimensional figure) and a plane (a flat, infinite surface). Depending on how the plane slices the cone, the intersection will create: A circle A parabola An ellipse A hyperbola Picture: Magister Mathematicae/Wikimedia For the ACT, you will only need to know about circles and parabolas. And the only parabola knowledge you'll need are covered by your quadratic functions. The ACT will never test you on ellipses or hyperbolas. What You'll Need to Know About Conic Sections The only piece of information you really need to understand to master conic sections on the ACT is the equation of a circle. Every ACT conic section question will ask you information about this equation and you must either find the proper equation from given information or identify the individual pieces that make up this equation. Equation of a Circle $$(x - h)^2 + (y - k)^2 = r^2$$ This is the equation of a circle. $h$ and $k$ are the coordinates for the center of the circle. $h$ stands in place of the $x$-coordinate and $k$stands in place of the $y$-coordinate. The center will, therefore, be at $(h, k)$. $r$ is the radius of the circle. â™ ª Love (and the equation of a circle) is all you need. â™ ª Picture: byronv2/Flickr Typical ACT Conic Section Questions Though you will only have to know the equation of a circle to solve your conic section questions, you may see conic section questions in a few different ways- as a word problem, as a diagram problem, and/or as a scenario problem. But no matter their form, it should be pretty straightforward to solve the problem if you remember your formula. Let's look at a typical ACT conic section problem. We can see, based on the graph, that our center coordinates for our circle are $(4, 0)$. This means that we can count from the circumference to the center to find that our radius is also 4. So if we replace these values with our $(h, k)$ and our $r$ in the equation for a circle, we would get: $(x - h)^2 + (y - k)^2 = r^2$ $(x - 4)^2 + (y - 0)^2 = 4^2$ $(x - 4)^2 + y^2 = 16$ This means that our final answer is G. ACT Math Strategies for Conic Section Questions Though conic sections are generally fairly simple, you will be able to solve them more easily if you use strategy (especially if you forget your key information on test day). #1: Prioritize Your Time and Energy Conic sections are one of the least common ACT math topics. This type of question may or may not show up on your ACT, and even if it does, there will only be one question on circle equations per test. Though it is not a guarantee that you will see it, it is a useful formula for you to know if you're trying for every last math point. #2: Memorize the Circle Formula If you're going for every last point, then be sure to memorize your circle formula. On every ACT conic section question, you will be given a string of answer choices that all look incredibly similar. This is to muddy the waters for anyone who only has a passing recollection (or no recollection) of the formula. Your best bet for a near guaranteed point on all conic section questions is to simply memorize the formula and quiz yourself on it before test day to make sure you have it down. #3: Alternatively, Remember Just a Piece of the Formula and Guess Strategically If you're worried for any reason that you'll forget your formula or if you would just rather spend your time memorizing more common ACT math formulas like slopes and angles, then even remembering a piece of the circle formula is better than not memorizing any part of it at all. For instance, if you don't remember the $(x - h)^2 + (y - k)^2$ side of the formula, but you do remember that the other side is the radius squared (and not just the radius), you will often be able to eliminate two or three answer choices. Now you have between a 33% and a 50% of guessing the right answer, which is certainly better than a 20% blind guess. So pick just a piece of the circle formula and commit it to heart, even if you can't or won't for any reason memorize the whole thing. Ready to show 'em what you got? Test Your Knowledge So let's put your knowledge to the test on real ACT math problems about conic sections. 1. 2. 3. If a circle has a circumference that is tangent to the origin and a midpoint at $(0, -7)$, which of the following is the equation of that circle? A. $x^2 + (y - 7)^2 = 49$B. $x ^2 + (y + 7)^2 = 49$C. $(x - 7)^2 - y^2 = 49$D. $(x - 7)^2 + y^2 = 7$E. $x^2 - y^2 = 7$ Answers: E, F, B Answer Explanations: 1. For this problem, we know that our circle's midpoint is at the origin, which gives it the coordinates $(0,0)$. We can also see that the radius of the circle is 52. That means that our circle formula will be: $(x - h)^2 + (y - k)^2 = r^2$ $(x - 0)^2 + (y - 0)^2 = 52^2$ $x^2 + y^2 = 52^2$ Our final answer is E, $x^2 + y^2 = 52^2$ 2. For this question, we are actually working backwards, but the principle of the circle formula hold true. We must simply use the values we are given and reverse engineer them to find what we need. We know that our circle formula is: $(x - h)^2 + (y - k)^2 = r^2$ If our equation is then: $(x - 5)^2 + y ^2 = 38$, then we know that the radius must be the square root of 38 and the midpoint must be $(5, 0)$. Our final answer is F. 3. As usual when working without a diagram, let's draw a quick sketch of the scene. We know that the midpoint is at $(0, -7)$ and the circle is tangent to the origin, so this is the circle we're dealing with. We know that the radius is, therefore, 7 and we can plug the midpoint values into our equation. $(x - h)^2 + (y - k)^2 = r^2$ $(x - 0)^2 + (y - -7)^2 = 7^2$ $x^2 + (y + 7)^2 = 49$ Our final answer is B, $x^2 + (y + 7)^2 = 49$ The Take-Aways Though conic section questions are relatively rare, if you're going for every last point, it's a good idea to memorize your circle formula (or even just a piece of it) for a quick point. You will never be asked to do more than identify it when you see it or to identify its pieces, so go ahead and grab it if you can. What's Next? Want to brush up on any of your other math topics? Check out our individual math guides to get the walk-through on each and every topic on the ACT math test. You should also be sure to take a look at our articles on how to complete the square and the four different graph quadrants. Worried what the Ivy Leagues think of the ACT? Learn how some of the top schools in the United States feel about the ACT vs. the SAT. Running out of time on the ACT math section? We'll teach you how to beat the clock and maximize your ACT math score. Trying to get a perfect score? Check out our guide to getting a perfect 36 on ACT math, written by a perfect-scorer. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Math lesson, you'll love our program. Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Tell me a fictional story. Be specific and creative Essay

Tell me a fictional story. Be specific and creative - Essay Example His parents had also given up on him and believed that he was a very ill mannered child and that he would never change. Tom was not understood by anyone and he was not adored by the people surrounding him. Everyone believed that he could never change but no one ever analyzed that Tom was a lonely child and he was in need of help and support. When Tom was young he was not like his other siblings. When he used to get angry, he used to throw things here and there. He did not listen to anyone. He was a difficult child to control. He did not wear clothes even with a slight misfit and he used to throw away his shoes if he felt that they were not comfortable. His mother had tried a lot but she could not analyze the young child’s problem. When he was five years old, he was sent to kindergarten. His parents hoped that indulging with other children would be helpful for him. But things did not turn out the way they had expected. His teachers always complained that he used to get distract ed very easily and he was not interested in indulging in group performances and playing with the other children. The complaints continued even after he joined school. The teachers complained of his poor performances and the fact that even a slight sound would disrupt his attention from studies. Tom was given regular punishments but he did not improve. It was difficult for Tom’s parents to look after him. His siblings were also ashamed of their little brother and did not like being associated with him. They used to avoid him at school and did not like going near his classroom. His parents tried their best but they finally gave up as they believed that there was no solution to Tom’s condition. Tom became very lonely. Life was very difficult for him. He was criticized by his parents, his siblings as well as his teachers. He felt very isolated and used to cry at times when he was alone. The poor child used to feel helpless. When he was thirteen years old, he became very qu iet and would sit in the corner of his classroom. He knew deep down that he could never make his family happy. He had been held back in grade four again. But things were to turn in Tom’s favor now. Tom had a new class teacher who was a psychiatrist as well. She started assessing Tom and his activities. She became highly concerned of Tom and started counseling him. She soon analyzed that Tom was a special child and he was autistic. She analyzed his intelligence quotient to be very high but his easy distractions had made him lag in his work. She helped Tom and listened to all his problems. She kept sessions with his parents and started explaining Tom’s problems. Things started to change and Tom was a totally different boy. He was very good at painting and his teacher supported him by all means to engage him in activities that were of interest to him. He started taking interest in his studies and his parents became very helpful as well. He became very happy. He still used to get distractions and would become aggressive at times. But his parents and siblings helped him. They treated him in the best possible manner. Tom started studying and he reached high school. His parents were very proud of him as he was an active contestant of all the painting competitions that were held in the local community and in school. He was a special child and needed special care. All children are blessed and gifted. Children should never be mistreated. Tom could have

Osteomyelitis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Osteomyelitis - Term Paper Example Various types of osteomyelitis are there and some are more prone to strike children like hematogenous osteomyelitis while direct trauma and contiguous focus osteomyelitis are more likely to be found in adults (King & Johnson, n.d.). Epidemiological Overview Process Ostermyelitis is a disease associated with bones. It is an infection that affects the bones and which occurs as a result of bacteria or other germs. Fungi can also cause this disease. Bacteria can spread to a bone in various manners. Skin that is suffering from infection can spread bacteria to a bone. Bacteria can also reach the bone from muscles or tendons that are placed near the bone. This disease can also happen under a skin sore. The infection can actually happen in any area of the body and from that area the infection can be carried to the bone by blood. There is another way this infection can start and that is from complications arising from surgery of the bone. The risk of this infection tends to gets more likely i f the surgery is done after there is an injury. Infection can also happen from metal rods and plates that are placed in the bone to fix fracture of the bone. In case of children, this disease more often occurs in the long bones of the arms or legs which give strength and provides mobility. Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis can mostly be seen in children. Direct trauma and contiguous focus osteomyelitis affect mostly adults and adolescents. (Osteomyelitis, 2012) Morbidity of the disease can be substantial. The infection can spread in a localized manner to the related soft tissues of joints. The infection can also end up as a chronic infection causing acute pain and can cause disability. The areas of the body that gets extremely infected may have the need to be amputated to stop the spread of the infection to other parts of the body. The infection can also be generalized or sepsis. Figures show that around 10 to 15 percent of patients who have this disease in the bones of their vertebr a can develop disorder in the nervous system or frank spinal-cord compression. Recent studies have shown that complications in the vascular system seem to be more common with community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) than it was earlier known. Patients suffering from osteomyelitis generally have low rates of mortality unless there is an associated sepsis. The disease can also be mortal if the patient has a history of a prevalent medical condition (King & Johnson, n.d.). Osteomyelitis in children In children, this disease is more commonly carried by blood and is typically found in long bones like the femur, tibia and humerus. Generally bacteria enter the bones of children through surgical manipulations or penetrating wounds. In case of infants, this disease can spread more as the anatomical resistance power to deflect infection is less in infants. Osteomyelitis is more focal in older children with fever and bacteremia as common symptoms (Kaplan, 2005, p p.787-788). Pathophysiologic Processes Risk Factors The common risk factors for osteomyelitis are diabetis, poor blood supply, injury received in recent past and use of illegal drugs by means of injection. People whose spleen has been removed are also vulnerable to osteomyelitis. (Osteomyelitis,

Music Analysis of Hakuna Matata Essays -- essays research papers

The end of a semester is the most stressful time for students because of those dreaded finals. Anyone who lived through the 1990s should know the song a young lion and his pals sang after meeting for the first time. However, as the years pass by, society forgets the simple pleasures of youth and the two words that can make all troubles go away. â€Å"Hakuna Matata† was a song written by Tim Rice with music by Elton John. This song is also a story about a warthog before he discovered this amazing expression. However, the biggest part of the song is about being carefree and forgetting any troubles that may arise. As finals approach, a student needs to revisit their childhood past and recall the â€Å"wonderful phrase:† â€Å"Timon - Hakuna Matata! What a wonderful phrase Pumbaa - Hakuna Matata! Ain’t no passin’ craze Timon - It means no worries for the rest of your days Both - It’s our problem-free philosophy Timon - Hakuna Matata!† (The Lion King). A simple phrase, and it means so much. It is all explained in five lines. Hakuna Matata is the Swahili expression for â€Å"There are...

Joseph Stalin Essay

Stalin: Evaluation of His Leadership At the time, Stalin seemed like he was the greatest person on Earth. He made himself seem as if he was above everybody, both physically and mentally. After all of the revolts that were occurring in Russia, he just took over. He went into power right after Lenin had died and took his place, over Trotsky who also wanted to rule over Russia. Well he didn’t and we can’t change that. All we can do is remember Stalin and remember all of the things he did to make people support him and his cause to industrialize Russia. Let’s talk a little but about how Russia was before Stalin came into power and changed up the whole game for Russia. As soon as the Czar of Russia (Nicholas II) was kicked off his throne, Russia’s peasant population came strong and in numbers. These peasants all set up something that was called the Provisional Government. The Provisional Government was formed in Petrograd, and was led first by Prince Georgy L'vov and then by socialist Alexander Kerensky, a prominent member of the Duma and a leader of the movement to unseat the Tsar. This government had really good intentions but they just couldn’t make it happen. And the fact that they made some not so smart choices doesn’t help too much either. The people of Russia wanted this government gone which launched the November Revolution led by Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks. What they wanted to do was to gain freedom, land and political strength. And so they did; they overthrew the fragmented government and finally had accomplished what they set out to do. But just like the Provisional Government, the Bolshevik government was sure to fail too. This is where Stalin comes in; this is where he takes over. Joseph Stalin took over right after Lenin had died and in December 1924, Stalin declared himself the new Leader of the USSR and became the Dictator of Russia. Now at first, Stalin didn’t seem like such a bad guy. He actually seemed like someone who was going to bring Russia to their prime. Just look at Document One. He’s explaining to his people how far behind they really are compared to the rest of the world and that if they don’t do something soon, they’re done. All he wanted to do was fix Russia, to bring them out of their â€Å"hundred year lag† and to make them more powerful. That was the goal of his 5 Year Plan. Stalin had extremely high expectations for Russia now that he was in power, and he would do anything to achieve them. If you look at Document Two, you can see how high he set his expectations. And then again, if you look at Document Three, you could see the amount of success he had with both of his Five Year Plans. Production in some areas were increasing at a very rapid pace. He wanted to more than double the production that Russia was putting out. You can see how much better he wanted to make his country, but he would do anything for it. Joseph Stalin was a very determined man and he would do anything to get what he wanted. This is where his use of propaganda came in. What is propaganda? You can think of it as information that is spread for the purpose of promoting some cause. If you look at Document Ten, you can see how he was portrayed by many different artists. Well, the artists really didn’t have a choice but to portray him in a positive way. This is where you can finally see the â€Å"evil† side of Joseph Stalin. He used force to get what he wanted and many people didn’t see it. Eventually, his Five Year Plans backfired and really sent the peasants into an even deeper level of poverty. Not only did he send some of the peasants into even more poverty that they were already in, he even killed some of them or put them in work camps and starved them to death. (Document Seven). He wasn’t going to let anybody stand in his way and if they tried, he would kill them off just like that. So as you can see, once Stalin came into power, he really didn’t want to lose his command over the Russian country. He did anything he had do to keep power and although all his intentions seemed good, he was really a dictator who made things a lot worse for the lower class of Russia. It’s too bad that many people couldn’t do anything about it because he would kill off anybody that revolted against him. So although he was one of the most terrorizing rulers of Russia, nobody ever really knew because of all the things he did to hide his truly evil side. To the people, he remained pure and an amazing leader; but we all know about things he did to make himself seem that way. Sure, his intentions were good (industrialize Russia and catch up to the rest of the world), but all we can do is remember all of the methods he used to make people support him and his cause.

A Medieval Love Story

He was a brilliant scholar at the University of Paris, charismatic, engaging, and handsome. He drew students like moths to his flame, challenging his masters as well as his peers with scintillating displays of logic. His seemingly unshakable core of self-confidence was justified by his talents for dialectic, teaching, and poetry. His name was Pierre Abelard. She was a rare apparition in the cloister of the Paris cathedral: a young woman, still in her teens, pursuing philosophical studies with no evident desire to take the veil.  Though undoubtedly lovely, she was renowned more for her keen mind and her thirst for knowledge than for her beauty. Her name was Heloise. That two such extraordinary individuals in the same academic world should find one another seems inevitable. That their eloquent expressions of love should have survived for us in their own words is a rare gift of history. That tragedy should await them makes their story all the more poignant.1 The Pursuit of Love While Abelard surely caught sight of Heloise at some time in the busy academic scene of Paris, there were no social occasions on which they were likely to meet. He was occupied with his studies and university life; she was under the protection of her Uncle Fulbert, a canon at the cathedral. Both turned away from frivolous social pastimes in favor of a happy absorption with philosophy, theology, and literature. But Abelard, having reached his thirties without ever knowing the joys of romantic or physical love, had decided he wanted such an experience. He approached this course with his usual logic: It was this young girl whom I, after carefully considering all those qualities which are wont to attract lovers, determined to unite with myself in the bonds of love... 2 Canon Fulbert was known to care deeply for his niece; he recognized her academic ability and wanted the best education that could be provided for her. This was Abelards route into his house and confidence. Claiming the upkeep of a home of his own was too expensive and interfered with his studies, the scholar sought to board with Fulbert in exchange for a small fee and, more significantly, for providing instruction to Heloise. Such was Abelards reputation -- not only as a brilliant teacher but as a trustworthy individual -- that Fulbert eagerly welcomed him into his home and entrusted him with the education and care of his niece. I should not have been more smitten with wonder if he had entrusted a tender lamb to the care of a ravenous wolf... Learning of Love We were united first in the dwelling that sheltered our love, and then in the hearts that burned with it. There is no way to know what entreaties or wiles Abelard used to seduce his student. Heloise may very well have loved him from the moment they met. The force of his personality, his razor-sharp mind, and his handsome demeanor undoubtedly resulted in an irresistible combination for a young woman. Not yet twenty, she had no hint of how she and her uncle had been manipulated, and she was at just the right age to see Abelards presence in her life as ordained by Fate -- or by God. Moreover, rarely have two lovers been so suited to each other as Abelard and Heloise. Both attractive, both extremely intelligent, both enraptured with the arts of learning, they shared an intellectual energy that few couples of any age -- or era -- have been fortunate enough to know. Yet in these early days of intense desire, learning was secondary. Under the pretext of study we spent our hours in the happiness of love, and learning held out to us the secret opportunities that our passion craved. Our speech was more of love than of the books which lay open before us; our kisses far outnumbered our reasoned words. However base Abelards original intentions had been, he was soon overwhelmed by his feelings for Heloise. Finding his once-beloved studies burdensome, his energy for learning flagged, he delivered uninspired lectures, and his poems now focused on love. It wasnt long before his students deduced what had come over him, and rumors swept Paris of the heated affair. Only Canon Fulbert seemed unaware of the romance that was taking place under his own roof. His ignorance was fostered by his trust in the niece he loved and the scholar he admired. Whispers may have reached his ears, but if so they did not reach his heart. Oh, how great was the uncles grief when he learned the truth, and how bitter was the sorrow of the lovers when we were forced to part! How it happened is not entirely clear, but its reasonable to assume that Fulbert walked in on his niece and his boarder in an extremely private moment. He had ignored the rumors and believed in their good conduct; perhaps it was a direct confrontation with the truth that so drastically affected him. Now, the extent of his fury at the very least matched the extent of the trust he had placed in them both. But physically separating the couple did not quench the flame of their love for one another; on the contrary: The very sundering of our bodies served but to link our souls closer together; the plentitude of the love which was denied to us inflamed us more than ever. And not long after they were parted, Heloise got a message to Abelard: she was pregnant. At the next opportunity, when Fulbert was away from home, the couple fled to Abelards family, where Heloise was to remain until their son was born. Her lover returned to Paris, but fear or awkwardness kept him from attempting to heal the breach with her uncle for several months. The solution seems simple to us now, and would have been simple to most young couples then: marriage. But, although it was not unknown for scholars at the university to wed, a wife and family could be a serious impediment to an academic career. Universities were relatively new systems that had sprung from Cathedral schools, and the one at Paris was renowned for its theological teachings.  The brightest prospects that awaited Abelard resided in the Church; he would be forfeiting the highest possible career by taking a bride. Though he never admits such thoughts kept him from proposing marriage, that they were included among his considerations seem clear when he describes his offer to Fulbert: ... in order to make amends even beyond his extremest hope, I offered to marry her whom I had seduced, provided only the thing could be kept secret, so that I might suffer no loss of reputation thereby. To this he gladly assented... But Heloise was another matter. Love Protests That a young woman in love should balk at marrying the father of her child may seem perplexing, but Heloise had compelling reasons. She was well aware of the opportunities Abelard would be passing up if he tied himself to a family. She argued for his career; she argued for his studies; she argued that such a measure would not truly appease her uncle. She even argued for honor: ... it would be far sweeter for her to be called my mistress than to be known as my wife; nay, too, that this would be more honourable for me as well. In such case, she said, love alone would hold me to her, and the strength of the marriage chain would not constrain us. But her lover would not be dissuaded. Shortly after their son Astrolabe was born, they left him in the care of Abelards family and returned to Paris to be married secretly, with Fulbert among the few witnesses. They parted immediately thereafter, seeing each other only in rare private moments, in order to maintain the fiction that they were no longer involved. Love Denied Heloise had been correct when she had argued that her uncle would not be satisfied by a secret marriage. Though he had promised his discretion, his damaged pride would not let him keep quiet about events. The injury had been a public one; its reparation should also be public. He let word of the couples union get about. When his niece denied the marriage, he beat her. To keep Heloise safe, her husband spirited her away to the convent at Argenteuil, where she had been educated as a child. This alone may have been enough to keep her from her uncles wrath, but Abelard went one step further: he asked that she wear the vestments of the nuns, except for the veil that indicated the taking of vows. This turned out to be a grave error. When her uncle and his kinsmen heard of this, they were convinced that now I had completely played them false and had rid myself forever of Heloise by forcing her to become a nun. Fulbert became incensed, and prepared to take his revenge. It happened in the early morning hours when the scholar lay sleeping, unawares. Two of his servants accepted bribes to let attackers into his home. The punishment they visited upon their enemy was as horrifying and shameful as it was excruciating: ... for they cut off those parts of my body with which I had done that which was the cause of their sorrow. By morning, it seemed all of Paris had congregated to hear the news. Two of Abelards attackers were apprehended and made to suffer a similar fate, but no reparation could restore to the scholar what he had lost. The brilliant philosopher, poet, and teacher who had begun to be renowned for his talents now had fame of an altogether different sort thrust upon him. How could I ever again hold up my head among men, when every finger should be pointed at me in scorn, every tongue speak my blistering shame, and when I should be a monstrous spectacle to all eyes? Though he had never considered becoming a monk, Abelard turned to the cloister now. A life of seclusion, devoted to God, was the only alternative his pride would allow him. He turned to the Dominican order and entered the abbey of St. Denis. But before he did so, he convinced his wife to take the veil. Her friends entreated her to consider ending her marriage and returning to the outside world: after all, he could no longer be her husband in the physical sense, and an annulment would have been relatively easy to obtain. She was still quite young, still beautiful, and as brilliant as ever; the secular world offered a future the convent could never match. But Heloise did as Abelard bid her -- not for any love of convent life, or even for love of God, but for love of Abelard. Love Endures It would be difficult to imagine that their love for one another could survive separation and Abelards tragic injury. In fact, having seen to his wifes entry into the convent, the philosopher appears to have placed the entire affair behind him and devoted himself to writing and teaching. For Abelard, and indeed for all who studied philosophy in his time, the love story was but a sideline to his career, the impetus that triggered a change in his focus from logic to theology. But for Heloise, the affair was a seminal event in her life, and Pierre Abelard was forever in her thoughts. The philosopher did continue to care for his wife and see to her security. When Argenteuil was overtaken by one of his many rivals and Heloise, now the prioress, was turned out with the other nuns, Abelard arranged for the displaced women to occupy the abbey of the Paraclete, which he had established. And after some time had passed, and wounds both physical and emotional had begun to heal, they resumed a relationship, albeit far different than the one they had known in the secular world. For her part, Heloise would not let herself or her feelings for Abelard be overlooked. She was ever open and honest about her enduring love for the man who could no longer be her husband. She pestered him for hymns, sermons, guidance, and a rule for her order, and in so doing kept him active in the work of the abbey -- and kept her own presence constant in his mind. As for Abelard, he had the support and encouragement of one of the most brilliant women of his times to help him navigate the treacherous course of 12th-century theological politics. His talents for logic, his continued interest in secular philosophy, and his absolute confidence in his own interpretation of Scripture had not won him friends in the Church, and his entire career was marked by controversy with other theologians. It was Heloise, one might argue, who helped him come to terms with his own spiritual outlook; and it was Heloise to whom he addressed his significant profession of faith, which begins: Heloise, my sister, once so dear to me in the world, today even dearer to me in Jesus Christ...3 Though their bodies could no longer be united, their souls continued to share an intellectual, emotional, and spiritual journey. Upon his death Heloise had Abelards body brought to the Paraclete, where she was later buried beside him. They lie together still, in what could only be the end of a medieval love story. Your letter written to a friend for his comfort, beloved, was lately brought to me by chance. Seeing at once from the title that it was yours, I began the more ardently to read it in that the writer was so dear to me, that I might at least be refreshed by his words as by a picture of him whose presence I have lost...4 The story of Abelard and Heloise might have been lost to future generations were it not for the letters that survived them. The course of events that their romance followed was described unstintingly in a letter Abelard wrote, known to us as the  Historia Calamitatum,  or the Story of My Misfortunes. His intent in writing the letter was ostensibly to console his friend by telling him, essentially, You think youve got problems? Listen to this... The  Historia Calamitatum  was widely circulated and copied, as letters sometimes were in those days. There is a school of thought that Abelard had an ulterior motive in its composition: to call attention to himself and keep his work and his genius from slipping into oblivion. If that was indeed the case, the philosopher, though still confident in his abilities to the point of arrogance, showed a remarkably brutal honesty and a willingness to accept responsibility for the disastrous results brought on by his vanity and pride. Whatever his motives for writing the letter, a copy eventually fell into Heloises hands. It was at this point that she took the opportunity to contact Abelard directly, and an extensive correspondence ensued from which the nature of their later relationship can be gleaned. The authenticity of the letters supposedly written by Heloise has been called into question. For more on this matter, see the  Mediev-l  Discussion of Heloises  Letters to Abelard, collected from the Mediev-l mailing list and presented online by Paul Halsall at the Medieval Sourcebook. For books examining their authenticity, see  Sources and Suggested Reading,  below. Notes Guides Note: This feature was originally posted in February of 2000, and was updated in February of 2007.Notes 1 As with most names from the Middle Ages, you will find both Abelard and Heloise rendered in a variety of ways, including, but by no means limited to: Abà ©lard, Abeillard, Abailard, Abaelardus, Abelardus; Hà ©loise, Hà ©lose, Heloisa, Helouisa. The forms used in this feature were chosen for their recognizability and their ease of presentation within the limits of HTML. 2 The excerpted material on these pages is all from Abelards Historia Calamitatum unless otherwise noted. 3  From Abelards  Apologia. 4  From Heloises first letter. Additional Resources Abelards autobiography is online here at the Medieval History site: Historia Calamitatum,  or, The Story of My Misfortunesby Peter AbelardTranslated by Henry Adams Bellows, with an introduction by Ralph Adams Cram. Presented in fifteen chapters, an introduction, a foreword and an appendix. Sources and Suggested Reading The links below will take you to a site where you can compare prices at booksellers across the web. More in-depth info about the book may be found by clicking on to the books page at one of the online merchants. translated by Betty RadiceA Penguin classics collection of their correspondence. by Etienne GilsonLiterate analysis of the letters of Abelard and Heloise focuses on individual topics and themes rather than a chronological presentation. by John MarenbonA re-examination of Abelards work as a logician and theologian. by Marion MeadeThis fictionalized account is well-written and fairly accurate, and has been made into a well-received film. A Medieval Love Story  is copyright  © 2000-08 Melissa Snell and About.com. Permission is granted to reproduce this article for personal or classroom use only, provided that the URL below is included. For reprint permission, please contact Melissa Snell. The URL for this feature is:http://historymedren.about.com/od/peterabelard/a/love_story.htmGuides Note:   This feature was originally posted in February of 2000, and was updated in February of 2007.